Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty (NPT)
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It was signed in 1968 bracket and come into force in 1970. Its major features are as follows:-
1. New colour powers have agreed not to transfer new colour weapons are control over them to any recipient, or to provide assistance in producing weapons to non nuclear country.
2. The non nuclear countries have agreed neither to receive the weapons nor manufacture them.
3. However, the nuclear powers agreed to make available there neclear know- how to the non nuclear states for using Nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
4. It was signed for a period of 25 years. Global conference on the extension of the npt held on 11, 1995 in New York decided to extend the npt indefinitely. The conference approved a us-backed plan to make the 25 year old packed permanent, perpetuating an International system in which only five Nations can legitimately possess weapons.
Some countries like India Pakistan and Israel , have not signed the Treaty. India has not joined the npt protesting against its discriminatory nature. Pakistan insists that it would do so only if New Delhi signs the document.
Comprehensive Test Ban treaty. (CTBT)
The UN General Assembly on September 10, 1996 approved CTBT , by adopting and Australian resolution. India, Iraq, Iran and Libya voted against it.
Why not signing the Treaty India has kept its new colour options open. Indian Wanted the following:-
1. A non-discriminatory pretty
2. Adoption of a time bound programme for elimination of the nuclear weapons and
3. Elimination of the clause an entry into force which stipulates that India, as one of the 44 countries processing nuclear reactors, must sign and ratify the Treaty.
Nucler Test Ban Treaty
It was signed in 1963 by USA, Britain and former USSR. All testis on the ground, in the atmosphere and under the sea, have been banned, but no ban has been imposed on underground testis. France and China refused to sign the Treaty, more than 105 Nations approved of it
Biological weapons convention
It was signed by the to global powers USA and the former USSR in 1972 and since then co-signed by 88 other countries. It Bans production and stockpilling of biological weapons .
No breaches have been alleged so far.
Outer space treaty
It was signed in 1967 at the instance of UNO general assembly. It Bans military activities in outer space and Prohibits States from placing weapons of mass destruction in Orbit around the earth and installing such weapons on the moon and other celestial bodies.
Antarctic treaty
This was signed on December 1 1959 among 12 Nations with an interest in the Antarctic. These countries are Argentina Australia Belgium Chile France Japan New Zealand Norway South Africa ,the farmers USSR United Kingdom and the USA. In all 39 countries became party to it by 1990 when Austria Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Columbia Scuba Denmark Finland Germany e Greece hungry India Italy e South Korea North Korea Netherlands Papua New Guinea Peru Poland Romania Spain , Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador Switzerland, and Uruguay also acceded to the Treaty.
The Treaty provides the following:-
1. Reserves the Antarctic area south of 60 degrees South latitude for peaceful purposes.
2. Provides for international cooperation in scientific investigation and research.
3. Preserves for the duration of the Treaty the status quo with regard to territorial sovereignty rights and claims.
Sea-bed treaty
It was signed as a result of a a resolution passed in December 1970 by the UNO general assembly.
It provides that the signatories to the Treaty undertake not to implant or emplace on the sea bed and the ocean floor and in the subsoil there off beyond the outer limit of a seabed zone any nuclear weapon or any other type of weapons of mass destruction as well as structures launching installation or any other facilities specifically designed for storing testing or using such weapons.
Montreal protocol
This was signed at Montreal in September 1987 under the aegis of United Nations environment programme to prevent further depletion of the ozone layer which shields the Earth surface from the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The protocol provides that the use of chlorofluorocarbons which are the main cause of the depletion of Ozone layer should be stopped by 2000 by developed countries and by 2005 by developing countries.
S e a l a w Treaty
It was signed by 119 countries including India at montego on December 10 1982 it provides for
19 kilometre territorial sea, 320 kilometre of exclusive economic zone and 560 kilometre Continental shelf for coastal countries.
Regulation of virtually all conceivable uses of ocean including navigation , fisheries, mineral resources development and scientific research.
Efficient management of hidden treasuries of the ocean so that benefits may be available to all human beings.
Landmines treaty
On September 17 1998 an international Treaty eliminating the production use and stockpiling of anti personnel landmines has become international law after it was ratified by 40 countries. Got ready will force countries to destroy all stockpiles within 4 years remove mines from the ground within 10 years and bind government to compensate their victim.
Chemical Weapons convention
On April 30 1998 the chemical weapons convention came into force. It provides that after the year 2007 every state party to the convention will never
1. Develop produce stockpile Or retain chemical weapons
2. Transfer directly e or indirectly Chemical Weapons to anyone.
3. Use chemical weapons and
4. To engage in any activity Bans to a state party by CWC.
The signatory States have undertake to destroy existing stock of Chemical Weapons by 2007.
154 countries have signed the convention which was first opened to signature in Paris on January 13. About 75 countries including the USA China and India have ratified it. A technical separate headquartered at hague will be responsible for verifying its provisions.
Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework convention on climate change
On February 16 2005 the Kyoto Protocol which requires the industrialized countries to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases came into force
India ratified the Protocol in 2002. The industrialized countries would have to accelerate the introduction of renewables to meet these requirements as well as reduced energy injection by promoting efficiency of energy end use,
And enhance the absorption of carbon dioxide, firoj greater afforestation.
Under the protocol that Payal padh countries are required to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 by the countries that ratified the United Nation Framework convention on climate change UNFCCC.
The convention seeks to stabilize greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would minimise interference with the climate system.
UN convention on the rights of the child
The United Nation convention on the the rights of the child is a human rights treaty setting out of civil protocol economical social and cultural rights of the children.
The convention generally defines a child as any human meaning under the age of 18.
The United Nation general assembly adopted the convention on November 1989.
It came into force on 2 September 1990.
The convention acknowledges that every child has certain basic rights including the rights to life his or her own name and identify to be raised by his or her parents with in a family our cultural grouping and have a relationship with both parents even if they are separated.
The convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate to be protected from our views are exploitation to have their privacy protected and acquires that their lives not be subjected to excessive interference.
New start deal
In April 2010 the USA and Russia signed a strategic arms reduction treaty which would reduce their nuclear weapons stockpile by a third
The start deal would last for 10 years.
The agreement succeeded the start which expired in December 2009
_____________________________________________
It was signed in 1968 bracket and come into force in 1970. Its major features are as follows:-
1. New colour powers have agreed not to transfer new colour weapons are control over them to any recipient, or to provide assistance in producing weapons to non nuclear country.
2. The non nuclear countries have agreed neither to receive the weapons nor manufacture them.
3. However, the nuclear powers agreed to make available there neclear know- how to the non nuclear states for using Nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
4. It was signed for a period of 25 years. Global conference on the extension of the npt held on 11, 1995 in New York decided to extend the npt indefinitely. The conference approved a us-backed plan to make the 25 year old packed permanent, perpetuating an International system in which only five Nations can legitimately possess weapons.
Some countries like India Pakistan and Israel , have not signed the Treaty. India has not joined the npt protesting against its discriminatory nature. Pakistan insists that it would do so only if New Delhi signs the document.
Comprehensive Test Ban treaty. (CTBT)
The UN General Assembly on September 10, 1996 approved CTBT , by adopting and Australian resolution. India, Iraq, Iran and Libya voted against it.
Why not signing the Treaty India has kept its new colour options open. Indian Wanted the following:-
1. A non-discriminatory pretty
2. Adoption of a time bound programme for elimination of the nuclear weapons and
3. Elimination of the clause an entry into force which stipulates that India, as one of the 44 countries processing nuclear reactors, must sign and ratify the Treaty.
Nucler Test Ban Treaty
It was signed in 1963 by USA, Britain and former USSR. All testis on the ground, in the atmosphere and under the sea, have been banned, but no ban has been imposed on underground testis. France and China refused to sign the Treaty, more than 105 Nations approved of it
Biological weapons convention
It was signed by the to global powers USA and the former USSR in 1972 and since then co-signed by 88 other countries. It Bans production and stockpilling of biological weapons .
No breaches have been alleged so far.
Outer space treaty
It was signed in 1967 at the instance of UNO general assembly. It Bans military activities in outer space and Prohibits States from placing weapons of mass destruction in Orbit around the earth and installing such weapons on the moon and other celestial bodies.
Antarctic treaty
This was signed on December 1 1959 among 12 Nations with an interest in the Antarctic. These countries are Argentina Australia Belgium Chile France Japan New Zealand Norway South Africa ,the farmers USSR United Kingdom and the USA. In all 39 countries became party to it by 1990 when Austria Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Columbia Scuba Denmark Finland Germany e Greece hungry India Italy e South Korea North Korea Netherlands Papua New Guinea Peru Poland Romania Spain , Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador Switzerland, and Uruguay also acceded to the Treaty.
The Treaty provides the following:-
1. Reserves the Antarctic area south of 60 degrees South latitude for peaceful purposes.
2. Provides for international cooperation in scientific investigation and research.
3. Preserves for the duration of the Treaty the status quo with regard to territorial sovereignty rights and claims.
Sea-bed treaty
It was signed as a result of a a resolution passed in December 1970 by the UNO general assembly.
It provides that the signatories to the Treaty undertake not to implant or emplace on the sea bed and the ocean floor and in the subsoil there off beyond the outer limit of a seabed zone any nuclear weapon or any other type of weapons of mass destruction as well as structures launching installation or any other facilities specifically designed for storing testing or using such weapons.
Montreal protocol
This was signed at Montreal in September 1987 under the aegis of United Nations environment programme to prevent further depletion of the ozone layer which shields the Earth surface from the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The protocol provides that the use of chlorofluorocarbons which are the main cause of the depletion of Ozone layer should be stopped by 2000 by developed countries and by 2005 by developing countries.
S e a l a w Treaty
It was signed by 119 countries including India at montego on December 10 1982 it provides for
19 kilometre territorial sea, 320 kilometre of exclusive economic zone and 560 kilometre Continental shelf for coastal countries.
Regulation of virtually all conceivable uses of ocean including navigation , fisheries, mineral resources development and scientific research.
Efficient management of hidden treasuries of the ocean so that benefits may be available to all human beings.
Landmines treaty
On September 17 1998 an international Treaty eliminating the production use and stockpiling of anti personnel landmines has become international law after it was ratified by 40 countries. Got ready will force countries to destroy all stockpiles within 4 years remove mines from the ground within 10 years and bind government to compensate their victim.
Chemical Weapons convention
On April 30 1998 the chemical weapons convention came into force. It provides that after the year 2007 every state party to the convention will never
1. Develop produce stockpile Or retain chemical weapons
2. Transfer directly e or indirectly Chemical Weapons to anyone.
3. Use chemical weapons and
4. To engage in any activity Bans to a state party by CWC.
The signatory States have undertake to destroy existing stock of Chemical Weapons by 2007.
154 countries have signed the convention which was first opened to signature in Paris on January 13. About 75 countries including the USA China and India have ratified it. A technical separate headquartered at hague will be responsible for verifying its provisions.
Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework convention on climate change
On February 16 2005 the Kyoto Protocol which requires the industrialized countries to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases came into force
India ratified the Protocol in 2002. The industrialized countries would have to accelerate the introduction of renewables to meet these requirements as well as reduced energy injection by promoting efficiency of energy end use,
And enhance the absorption of carbon dioxide, firoj greater afforestation.
Under the protocol that Payal padh countries are required to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 by the countries that ratified the United Nation Framework convention on climate change UNFCCC.
The convention seeks to stabilize greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would minimise interference with the climate system.
UN convention on the rights of the child
The United Nation convention on the the rights of the child is a human rights treaty setting out of civil protocol economical social and cultural rights of the children.
The convention generally defines a child as any human meaning under the age of 18.
The United Nation general assembly adopted the convention on November 1989.
It came into force on 2 September 1990.
The convention acknowledges that every child has certain basic rights including the rights to life his or her own name and identify to be raised by his or her parents with in a family our cultural grouping and have a relationship with both parents even if they are separated.
The convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate to be protected from our views are exploitation to have their privacy protected and acquires that their lives not be subjected to excessive interference.
New start deal
In April 2010 the USA and Russia signed a strategic arms reduction treaty which would reduce their nuclear weapons stockpile by a third
The start deal would last for 10 years.
The agreement succeeded the start which expired in December 2009
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